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环境艺术设计专业就业前景冰箱,但反过来?热泵的神奇科学——可视化

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只有1%的英国家庭拥有热泵,但为了实现政府的气候目标,估计在未来25年内,80%的家庭应该安装热泵。

而燃气锅炉燃烧气体产生热量,热泵做一些更复杂的事情。有时被描述为“反向冰箱”,它们利用蒸发和冷凝的混合物将热量从外部传递到建筑物内部。在寒冷的冬天,很难理解这些设备是如何工作的。

但它们确实如此——在这里,我们可以看到,通过更仔细地观察空气源热泵:

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“要记住的关键是液体、固体和气体的基本物理原理,”英国工程技术学会(Institution of Engineering and Technology)能源小组成员罗伯特?桑索姆(Robert Sansom)说。

就像冰箱一样,热泵包含一种含有制冷剂的管道回路。泵利用压力迫使制冷剂改变状态:从液体变成气体,然后再变回来。这就是制冷剂将热能从一个地方传递到另一个地方的原因。“当制冷剂从液体变成气体时,它必须从某处吸收能量;当它从气体变成液体时,它必须释放出能量。”

虽然它可能比燃气锅炉的燃烧更难以理解,但它是一个强大而有效的过程。

许多人惊讶地发现,热泵比燃气锅炉更有效。能源系统弹射器研究小组对安装在英国家庭中的数百个空气源热泵进行了一项政府支持的研究,发现热泵的效率是燃气锅炉的三倍左右,即使在一年中最冷的日子里也是如此。

能源系统弹射器公司的马克·布朗说:“我们终于可以摒弃热泵在寒冷的天气条件下不能工作、运行效率低下的观念了。”我们观察到的正好相反。它们的效率是燃气锅炉的三倍,可以在寒冷的天气条件下工作。创新正在改变供暖行业的游戏规则。”

热泵需要电力来运行,而泵的主要运行成本是为压缩机提供动力的电力。但是让热泵如此高效的是我们上面看到的过程。

因为它们从外部传递热量,而不仅仅是将电能转化为热能,从技术上讲,热泵可以产生比输入它们的电能更多的能量。

桑索姆将其描述为热泵的“魔力”,他解释了热泵是如何利用来自外部的“免费”能量来达到100%以上的能源效率的。

“这就是热泵的神奇之处:你从环境中提取热量。它可能是空气源,可能是地面源,可能是水源,来自海洋,甚至是污水。”

热泵被认为是英国应对气候危机战略的重要组成部分,正是因为它们依靠电力运行,而电力每年都在变得更加环保。

到2022年,2月、5月、10月、11月和12月,零碳电力来源(如可再生能源和核能)占电力的50%以上。总体而言,零碳电力占英国电力的48%,而天然气和煤电厂占40%。

随着更多的风能和太阳能发电厂的安装,并产生更大份额的英国电力,英国电网的碳强度预计将继续下降。到2035年,国家电网的目标是运营一个完全净零电网,这意味着拥有热泵的家庭将在不增加英国排放的情况下为自己的家庭供暖。

官方数据显示,自从首相承诺从11月起将政府的锅炉升级补助增加50%至7500英镑以来,英国蓬勃发展的热泵市场的兴趣激增。

政府数据显示,上个月申请新补助金的家庭数量攀升至2500多户,创历史新高,是前一个月收到的申请数量的两倍多。

该计划在英格兰和威尔士实施,为家庭提供帮助,以支付从化石燃料供暖系统转向更清洁的热泵替代系统的前期成本。

尽管如此,有意用热泵取代燃气锅炉的家庭数量仍比政府设定的每年安装60万台热泵的目标低20倍左右。

家庭供暖占英国天然气总使用量的近40%,这使得政府的热泵雄心成为其具有法律约束力的目标的重要组成部分,该目标是到2040年将整个经济的净排放量减少到零。

一些家庭担心热泵可能无法在家中正常工作。与北欧国家的家庭不同,在北欧国家,热泵是司空见惯的——多达60%的挪威家庭由热泵供暖——英国家庭的隔热效果往往很差。较低的绝缘水平可能意味着热泵模式——在较低的温度下永久加热——效果较差。

专家们呼吁政府在推广热泵的同时,帮助家庭支付能源效率提高的费用,作为连贯的家庭供暖战略的一部分。

好消息是,根据能源系统弹射器的说法,热泵可以安装在广泛的英国家庭中。对将燃气锅炉换成热泵的家庭进行的第一次大型调查发现,超过80%的家庭对这一变化感到满意,在新建住宅和旧住宅中安装热泵的受访者之间的满意度相似,尽管人们一直担心热泵只在现代建筑中有效。

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